The Culture of the Japanese Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Culture of the Japanese - Essay Example by Emperor Jimmu (United States Department of State, 2011). All rulers since are accepted to be his immediate relatives, yet researchers have addressed in any event the initial nine, with understanding just being reached on Emperor Sujin, who managed in the third or fourth century (Yoshida, 2007). Heads, for the entirety of their title and force, extremely just managed in the field of governmental issues, while warlords and blue-bloods held the genuine force in the nation up until 1868; in the years up to World War II, the Emperor Hirohito was constrained by military pioneers without using any force himself (Yoshida, 2007). Indeed, even today, the magnificent family holds almost no political force and is once in a while, if at any time, found openly (Yoshida, 2007). They are as yet held in high regard, yet not at all like different governments, don't show up out in the open. Verifiably, there are two headliners that prodded the way of life of Japan. These were the presentation of the Chinese composing framework in 405 A.D. furthermore, the presentation of Buddhism in the sixth century (United States Department of State, 2011). It is a tribute to their presentation that both unique components can in any case be found in the way of life of Japanese individuals, even in current occasions. It must be noted, notwithstanding, that given its incredible breadth it is difficult to compose on all the components of culture, both verifiably and what is found in the nation today; volumes have been composed on these very subjects that scarcely start to expose what's underneath. In this way, five basics will be investigated in detail, including the language of Japan and expressions of the human experience found in Japan, both performing and visual, how Japanese society treats and perspectives relationships and families, and imagine a scenario in which any religions are drilled all through the nation. Pre-World War II Japan versus Post-World War II Japan... While having experienced radical changes in pretty much every perspective since World War II, the Japanese have still figured out how to clutch antiquated conventions and bits of their way of life that makes them one of a kind. Not everything was lost to give up in 1945, for as a people, they figured out how to pull themselves up as a culture and raise themselves from an enormous level of pulverized urban communities to a country that today deserves admiration. The Japanese individuals seem to appreciate effortlessness and unbending nature while sticking to complexities that would make those raised outside of the nation shake their heads in wonder. Their language holds more than 1,945 characters, and one little zone characterizes the â€Å"standard† utilization of the language, while lingos are utilized openly. While pushing ahead as far as equivalent help under protected law, the male is as yet considered the leader of the family unit and ladies are relied upon to assume the requests of the family, including being the essential parent in bringing up the kids and dealing with any older guardians (from either side of the family) after marriage. Marriage all by itself even seems to have an unbendingly characterized set of boundaries, with people of qualified age declining to date unreservedly however seeming glad to be set up with others in their system of companions, and relationships because of the lady being pregnant are getting typ ical. Indeed, even their religions seem basic but then unpredictable, as two religions, with a third that is polished however not by most of the nation, can characterize significant parts of life occasions. Once more, this nation shows up, by all accounts, to have a culture of equivalence, yet underneath it lays rich conventions and legacy that, while pushing ahead with current occasions, Japanese individuals are not ready to relinquish.

Factors Influencing Tourist Attraction to the Adelaide zoo Samples

Question: Examine about the Factors Influencing Tourist Attraction to the Adelaide. Answer: Presentation The travel industry is significant as it produces income for nation to help the financial turn of events. The sightseers visit different goals for relaxation, business or some other reason and keeping in mind that on remain or passage to those areas they can pay for administrations. The consumer loyalty is significant in the travel industry because of its impact on their choice to visit a given vacationer goal and hence systems can be received to boost consumer loyalty and maintenance (Kouthouris and Alexandris, 2005). Consumer loyalty has for quite some time been utilized in showcasing to gauge how hierarchical items meet or outperform clients fulfillment. An examination by Cronin et al. (2000) found that consumer loyalty is significant for the achievement of business. Adelaide Zoo is one of the biggest traveler goal in Australia and it is specific of enthusiasm since it encounters vacillation of guests every year (Orams, 2002). The present investigation of consumer loyalty gives be st pointers and elements vacationer consider before visiting Adelaide Zoo. On the off chance that visitor is fulfilled, at that point there is high possibility of returning to the back or preparing loved ones to visits the spot. The voyagers who are despondent are at high danger of not visiting Adelaide Zoo along these lines influencing income age. There is a high rivalry in the travel industry overall simply like some other business exercises requiring the legislature to receive methodologies to improve nearby the travel industry. The markers of why client picked one goal over another give valuable data to the travel industry segment and nearby government to help Adelaide Zoo by making political, social and framework improvements that make condition for more prominent vacationer fulfillment. It has been built up that there are numerous variables that influence vacationer goal including value, desire and saw quality (Beerli Martin, 2004). Different investigations have featured huge impact of conduct, segment and financial factors on sightseers' fulfillment with goals (Murphy et al., 2000). In this investigation, we assessed clients fulfillment of individuals in grounds who have visited Adelaide Zoo so as to illuminate the goal on the most proficient method to improve its upper hand. Foundation data on Adelaide Zoo Adelaide Zoo is one of the most seasoned vacation spot in Australia situated close to Adelaide City, South Australia. The Australian government made the recreation center to be run on a non-benefit premise to expand moderate measures and urge local people to visit the site. The recreation center is wealthy in plant and creature decent variety with more than 300 creature species and roughly more than 2000 creatures. The recreation center was open in 1883, making it one of the most established vacation destination site in Australia involving 8 hectares of land (Anderson, 1995). From the get-go in 1950s the recreation center was contrarily influenced by feathered creature exchange where live winged animals especially finches and parrots were sent out. A legitimate enactment has controlled many hazard factors that was threating untamed life in the recreation center and numerous network and private associations are engaged with protection. This site was picked especially because of its un iqueness as having show of every single Australian zoo. Besides, aside from its closeness to focal business area, the site has immense assortment of outlandish and local warm blooded animals, fish, biggest panda and reptiles in encompassed by great botanic nursery. The inhabitant gets the opportunity to appreciate free visit in the recreation center in this way offering inspiration for local people (Adelaide Zoo, 2017). Confinements One of the issue experienced in the examination is randomization. Since there were barely any people who have visited Adelaide Zoo it was hard to pick interviewee arbitrarily. In this examination, the respondents were limited to three factors, there is probability that there are other interceding factors influencing people choice to visit the recreation center. The examination further couldn't build up interface between visitor thought process and level of fulfillment. System Research Design This examination embraced graphic study look into plan. This structure was picked in light of the fact that it utilizes information gathered from inquire about inquiries to respond to questions concerning current status of a marvel. Mertler (2008) contended that when managing individuals, circumstances and conditions about which we wish to know increasingly, at that point unmistakable study is ideal. These contentions favor this investigation thus the decision of this plan. This examination utilized both quantitative and subjective techniques. inspecting strategies and target Population This examination embraced purposive inspecting method to decide the example populace who have visited Adelaide Zoo. Around 100 individuals were inquired as to whether they had visited the recreation center from which 20 people were picked. Target populace is the rundown everything being equal or individuals that the investigation is about or intrigued by (Kitchenham Pfleeger, 2002). The objective populace of the examination include 20 people joined school and more likely than not visited Adelaide Zoo. Research Instruments In this investigation, information was gathered through organized surveys which was flowed to consider members in the school. Surveys are chosen since they give a high level of information normalization and selection of summed up data among any populace (Hsieh et al., 2005). The poll was given shut and open finished inquiries. The inquiries look for verifiable data, for example, position in the school, sex, and expert capabilities. The other part planned for looking for suppositions, recognitions and perspectives of the respondents as to the factors utilized in the investigation. A 5 point Likert scale for setting up visit recurrence (5=very as often as possible, 4= regularly, 3=occasionally, 2=Rarely and 1= Very infrequently) and another scale for deciding degree of fulfillment (5= fulfilled, 4 = fulfilled, 3= neither fulfilled or disappointed, 2= disappointed and 1= exceptionally disappointed) were utilized to request respondents recognitions and conclusions with respect to the cho se impact activity factors. Openings were likewise given to respondents through open finished inquiries to give extra significant data. Information Collection Procedure The polls were controlled to the tested respondents utilizing the drop and pick strategy. The respondents were permitted satisfactory time to fill the surveys after which the polls were gathered following multi week for examination. Information Analysis and Presentation When the crude information was gathered, the initial step was to clean the information for any irregularities. The coding of the information was the subsequent stage. Enlightening and inferential measurements were utilized to clarify aftereffects of the discoveries. The information gathered was be coded, and investigated through Excel. The outcomes were introduced in tables and graphs. Results There were equivalent number of male and females in study test (figure 1). In any case, during the underlying 100 examples that were addressed to decide whatever they have visited Adelaide zoo there were more guys (62 %) than females (38%) (information not appeared). Figure 1: Gender of the members Socio-segment factors demonstrated that lion's share of the met were between the age of 21-30 years of age (65%) trailed by 31-40 years (15 %) and more than 4 years were the least (20%) (Table 1). The member who have delighted in nearby the travel industry goal (55%) were somewhat over the admirers of universal travel (45%). Essentially, numerous individuals had visited other goal separated from Adelaide Zoo involving 55%. There were numerous undergrad (80%) members contrasted with graduate (20%) (Figure 2). Figure 2: socio-segment qualities The examination demonstrated that lion's share of the of the respondents visited Adelaide Zoo much of the time and every now and again by 25% and few visited once in a while (10%). Availability remained to be the most persuading component to visit Adelaide Zoo (45%). The quantity of respondent who were fulfilled Adelaide Zoo were like unsure respondent. In any case, it was apparent that noteworthy number of respondent were extremely disappointed (10%) with Adelaide Zoo administrations. Table 1: measurements affecting members to visit goal Variable Results (n-20) Age (years) 21-30 (65%) - 31-40 (15%) more than 40 (20%) Pace of visiting Adelaide Zoo Frequent (25%), visit (25%), incidentally (20%), once in a while (20%) and once in a while (10%) Inspiration to visit Adelaide Zoo Reasonableness (35%), availability (45%) and pay (20%) Level of fulfillment Exceptionally fulfilled (30%), fulfilled (30%), neither fulfilled nor disappointed (25%), disappointed (5%), extremely disappointed (10%) Conversations Most of the respondent were college understudies with age somewhere in the range of 21 and 30 years of age nearby and barely any staffs. The respondents favored neighborhood the travel industry that is urging in order to spare remote trade and offer income to the nearby enterprises. Be that as it may, the concentrated additionally distinguished critical number of individuals like to travel abroad however the nation has numerous agreeable attractions. The legislature has a great deal to do to advance household the travel industry. In other investigation, Felsenstein and Fleischer (2003) recommended that making courses of action with nearby visits and offering benefits at sensible costs lower than that offered to outside traveler helps neighborhood the travel industry. The legislature needs to contribute intensely on infrastructural advancements like lodgings and shopping centers that help the travel industry (Littrell et al., 2004). Larger part headed out more regularly to the Adelaide Zoo and they refered to availability as a propelling components. This is in concordance with past examinations where an all inclusive availability has been refered to advance the travel industry regardless of race, sex, age shading, nationality, religion and states of being. The member credited available legacy and foundation in Adelai

Global Operations Management Example

Global Operations Management Example Global Operations Management â€" Essay Example > Issues on Globalization HERE Global Operations Management FEBRUARY 13, 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS What are some of the issues the host foreign country could face as a result of the expansion? 3 2.Explain what cultural barriers and diversity issues are commonly encountered by international/multinational (MNC) and global organizations 3 3. Why has diversity become such an important topic in the international arena? 5 4. What can occur when issues related to multiculturalism and diversity are ignored in an international company? 5 5. Describe at least 2 political and 2 economic issues that may arise during global expansion and proposed methods of addressing them. 6 6. Explain the importance of and the implications of each of these items PPQ Partss expansion plans to Germany and Japan. 6 References 8 Issues on globalization 1. What are some of the issues the host foreign country could face as a result of the expansion? A company who wishes to enter the global market has several issues to be to be resolved. The Agriculture and Consumer Protection (ACP) suggests three major issues for consideration. Accordingly, these are: first, the company should have an intensive review of the market, that is a study of the external environment. PPQ must study the segments needed and determine if there is a need for intermediaries. PPQ should also think about whether the company will obtain the product or make it themselves. PPQ should also make a decision on investment and control â€"whether they will need to enter an agreement for a joint venture, acquisition or by exporting as a means of entering Japan or Germany. In addition, ACP identified strategies in entering a market. PPQ can easily enter a market if they have a superior product; if the have modifications to existing product; if the product availability is assured, if they have a lower price strategy, and their product adheres to total adaptability. In brief, they should know the weaknesses and strength of the company by having an in depth study of its own internal environment 2. Explain what cultural barriers and diversity issues are commonly encountered by international/multinational (MNC) and global organizations. The most common cultural barrier encountered by global organizations is the language barrier. A worker may be intimidated to speak to co workers or supervisors when he/she speaks little English. This barrier may be dangerous for the job. Morris, Carol, ( February 2002), a planning consultant, mentioned in his article that people in the construction are of greater risk of having accident on the job because of lack of understanding of safety standards. Morris and Etho Connect (2009)also cited cultural diversity that includes roles and status, personal space, body language and religion. Some culture prefers to have personal space distance when talking to someone, establish an eye contact and shown to have different negotiating styles. There are countries that still value their roles in society, like in some countries women, are still subordin ate to men. They are not comfortable working with American counterparts, or will not speak or look directly in the eyes. In the same way, males are not at ease with female supervisors. Morris also mentioned that in many cultures, personal space becomes a barrier. For in instance, Americans prefer to have about a space of about five feet apart when conversing while different cultures prefer to have their own personal space. Japanese and Germans desire to have more distance, while Arabs and Latinos want to get closer. PPQ managers should also understand body language because it can be interpreted in many ways, like some want to shake hands, others do not. Germans like shaking hands every time they meet with people and to address people cordially calling him Mr. or Ms. or Frau Dr. as titles are important to them. (Think quest) In some cultures, religion plays an important role. For example, Muslims have to pray three times a day, while others are not allowed to work on certain days because of belief. We also have to respect personal appearance of a person because hygiene, grooming, and eating habits vary from culture to culture. Morris said that Muslims may want to wear their headdress because of custom. Also, immigrants from India, Turkey or other countries eat a lot of spices thus emitting a body odor that is unwelcome to some. 3. Why has diversity become such an important topic in the international arena? Diversity has become an important topic in international arena because it is a manifestation of the changes in the world and in the market place. Understanding diversity of each individual brings high value to an organization and creates competitive advantage and increases work productivity. Accepting cultural diversity in the workplace creates a successful place to communicate and creating a work environment that includes everyone, assuring that everyone will be given fair treatment. It becomes a hot topic because lack of understanding on the diversity of everyone causes misunderstanding and problems in the workplace. Communication barriers may be a cause of lack of productivity, as someone interprets the words used in other way 4. What can occur when issues related to multiculturalism and diversity are ignored in an international company? Several issues might occur when multiculturalism and diversity are ignored in an international organization, and according to Gagnon, Mathew (2007), its effect to the company are “ineffective employment of company resources, ineffective realization of organizational objectives and general loss of competitiveness. When multiculturalism and diversity are ignored in the company, Gagnon said, in his study, that employees feel undervalued, and less innovative. 5. Describe at least 2 political and 2 economic issues that may arise during global expansion and proposed methods of addressing them. International companies face political and economic issues during global expansion. An example of this is the political risk that can be defined as losing money due to changes that occur in a country’s government. Christy, John (2012). Examples of political risks are war, military coups or threats of terrorism or even threat of expropriation of assets. Political risks may also be thru changes of a new president or ruling party, or amendments or new legislations. These, I believe, are interrelated with economic issue, as these changes can have a big impact on the country’s profitability and the way investors feel about the prospects of the country. Proposed method of managing political risks. Managing political risks is difficult to assert and quantify. To start with, John Christy suggested studying country briefings because it has a lot of information that includes the country’s economy, government and politics. Also, it is better to keep in mind, if there is an impending national elections, company should know the parties involved and its economic policies because these parties may have diverse policies with the company’s own beliefs. As political risks cannot be totally ignored, one suggestion that matt ers in global expansion is not to put all your eggs in one basket, meaning, the company should learn to diversify and to invest in other countries as well so that it would not hurt so much if the company had miss the political calculation. (John, Christy) 6. Explain the importance of and the implications of each of these items in PPQ Partss expansion plans to Germany and Japan. It is assumed here that PPQ is a U S based company, and it has plans to enter Germany and Japan. Although a lot of Japanese are now well versed with the English language, language is still a barrier. The way they communicate may be interpreted to several meanings. An exchange of calling cards to them is the start of a business transaction, and so, one should take care of it, as it is means disrespect if one should write on it or simply put it away. Several customs have to be studied in order to have good business relations with Japanese and the implication of not understanding these is poor business relations and unfortunate impressions from the Japanese people. PPQ would not like to lose the trust of the Japanese people and its business just because of miscommunication. PPQ will have to deal with communication problem in Germany because according to Think Quest (1998), not all Germans know how to speak English, and even if they do, they are not comfortable in using it. So, the implication here, is that there will be a need for PPQ personnel to learn German language for smooth transaction References ACP - Agriculture and Consumer Protection (n. d. ) Chapter 7 Market Entry Strategies. FAO Document repository Retrieved 11 February 2012 http: //www. fao. org/docrep/W5973E/w5973e0b. htm Christy, John, 2012. Understanding and managing political risks. About. com. International Investing. Retrieved 10 February 2012 http: //internationalinvest. about. com/od/globalmarkets101/a/countryresearch. htm Ethno Connect (2009). What is cultural diversity? Ethno Connect. com. Retrieved 11 February 2012 http: //www. ethnoconnect. com/html/articles_01.html Gagnon, Mathew 2007. Managing Diversity for Global Businesses: What Will A Successful Program Look Like? Kausiki Mukhopadhyay Workforce Diversity in International Management â€" Spring Interterm 2007 Retrieved 11 February 2012portfolio. du. edu/portfolio/getportfoliofile? uid=8262 Morris, Carol. (2002) Cultural and language barriers in the workplace. 2002. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Workforce Development Board. retrieved 11 February 2012 www. charlotteworks. org/clbpositionpaper. pd Think quest. (1999) Introductions and meeting people. Oracle. Think quest Retrieved 11 February 2012 http: //library. thinkquest. org/26576/introductionpage. htm

Lord Charles Cornwallis, American Revolution Commander

Charles Cornwallis (December 31, 1738–October 5, 1805), was a British peer, a Member of the House of Lords and the 2nd Earl of Cornwallis, who was a trusted member of the English government. Cornwallis was sent to America to manage the military aspects of colonial government, and despite losing there, he was subsequently sent to India and Ireland to do the same. Fast Facts: Lord Charles Cornwallis Known For: Military leader for the British in the American Revolution, other military responsibilities for British colonies of India and IrelandBorn: December 31, 1738 in London, EnglandParents: Charles, 1st Earl Cornwallis and his wife Elizabeth TownshendDied: October 5, 1805 in Ghazipur, IndiaEducation: Eton, Clare College at Cambridge, military school in Turin, ItalySpouse: Jemima Tullekin JonesChildren: Mary, Charles (2nd Marquess Cornwallis) Early Life Charles Cornwallis was born at Grosvenor Square, London on December 31, 1738, the eldest son of Charles, 1st Earl Cornwallis and his wife Elizabeth Townshend. Well-connected, Cornwallis mother was a niece of Sir Robert Walpole while his uncle, Frederick Cornwallis, served as Archbishop of Canterbury (1768–1783). Another uncle, Edward Cornwallis, established Halifax, Nova Scotia and attained the rank of lieutenant general in the British Army. After receiving his early education at Eton, Cornwallis graduated from Clare College at Cambridge. Unlike many wealthy young men of the time, Cornwallis elected to enter the military rather than pursue a life of leisure. After purchasing a commission as an ensign in the 1st Foot Guards on December 8, 1757, Cornwallis quickly distanced himself from other aristocratic officers by actively studying military science. This saw him spend time learning from Prussian officers and attending the military academy at Turin, Italy. Early Military Career In Geneva when the Seven Years War commenced, Cornwallis attempted to return from the continent but was unable to rejoin his unit before it departed Britain. Learning of this while in Cologne, he secured a position as a staff officer to Lieutenant General  John Manners, Marquess of Granby. Taking part in the Battle of Minden (August 1, 1759), he then purchased a captains commission in the 85th Regiment of Foot. Two years later, he fought with the 11th Foot at the Battle of Villinghausen (July 15-16, 1761) and was cited for bravery. The next year, Cornwallis, now a lieutenant colonel, saw further action at the Battle of Wilhelmsthal (June 24, 1762). Parliament and Personal Life While abroad during the war, Cornwallis was elected to the House of Commons representing the village of Eye in Suffolk. Returning to Britain in 1762 following the death of his father, he assumed the title of Charles, 2nd Earl Cornwallis and in November took his seat in the House of Lords. A Whig, he soon became a protege of future prime minister Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham. While in the House of Lords, Cornwallis was sympathetic toward the American colonies and was one of a small number of peers who voted against the Stamp and Intolerable Acts. He received command of the 33rd Regiment of Foot in 1766. In 1768, Cornwallis fell in love and married Jemima Tullekin Jones, the daughter of untitled Colonel James Jones. Settling in Culford, Suffolk, the marriage produced a daughter, Mary, and a son, Charles. Stepping back from the military to raise his family, Cornwallis served on the Kings Privy Council (1770) and as a Constable of the Tower of London (1771). With war in America beginning, Cornwallis was promoted to major general by King George III in 1775 despite his earlier criticism of the governments colonial policies. American Revolution Immediately offering himself for service, and despite the extreme objections of his wife, Cornwallis received orders to leave for America in late 1775. Given command of a 2,500-man force from Ireland, he encountered a string of logistical difficulties which delayed its departure. Finally putting to sea in February 1776, Cornwallis and his men endured a storm-filled crossing before rendezvousing with Major General Henry Clintons force, which was tasked with taking Charleston, South Carolina. Made Clintons deputy, he took part in the failed attempt on the city. With the repulse, Clinton and Cornwallis sailed north to join  General William Howes army outside of New York City. Fighting in the North Cornwallis played a key role in Howes capture of New York City that summer and fall and his men were frequently at the head of the British advance. In late 1776, Cornwallis was preparing to return to England for the winter but was forced to stay to deal with General George Washingtons army after the American victory at Trenton. Marching south, Cornwallis unsuccessfully attacked Washington and later had his rearguard defeated at Princeton (January 3, 1777). Though Cornwallis was now serving directly under Howe, Clinton blamed him for the defeat at Princeton, increasing tensions between the two commanders. The next year, Cornwallis led the key flanking maneuver that defeated Washington at the Battle of the Brandywine (September 11, 1777) and starred in the victory at Germantown (October 4, 1777). Following his capture of Fort Mercer in November, Cornwallis finally returned to England. His time at home was short however, as he rejoined the army in America, now led by Clinton, in 1779. That summer, Clinton decided to abandon Philadelphia and return to New York. While the army marched north, it was attacked by Washington at Monmouth Court House. Leading the British counterattack, Cornwallis drove back the Americans until being stopped by the main body of Washingtons army. That fall Cornwallis again returned home, this time to care for his ailing wife. Following her death on February 14, 1779, Cornwallis re-devoted himself to the military and took command of British forces in the southern American colonies. Aided by Clinton, he captured Charleston in May 1780. The Southern Campaign With Charleston taken, Cornwallis moved to subjugate the countryside. Marching inland, he routed an American army under Major General Horatio Gates at Camden in August and pushed up into North Carolina. Following the defeat of British Loyalist forces at Kings Mountain on October 7, Cornwallis withdrew back to South Carolina. Throughout the Southern Campaign, Cornwallis and his subordinates, such as Banastre Tarleton, were criticized for their harsh treatment of the civilian population. While Cornwallis was able to defeat conventional American forces in the South, he was plagued by guerrilla raids on his supply lines. On December 2, 1780, Major General Nathaniel Greene took command of American forces in the South. After splitting his force, one detachment, under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, routed Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens (January 17, 1781). Stunned, Cornwallis began pursuing Greene north. After reuniting his army, Greene was able to escape over the Dan River. The two finally met on March 15, 1781, at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse. In heavy fighting, Cornwallis won a costly victory, forcing Greene to retreat. With his army battered, Cornwallis opted to continue the war in Virginia. Late that summer, Cornwallis received orders to locate and fortify a base for the Royal Navy on the Virginia coast. Selecting Yorktown, his army began building fortifications. Seeing an opportunity, Washington raced south with his army to lay siege to Yorktown. Cornwallis hoped to be relieved by Clinton or removed by the Royal Navy, however after the French naval victory at the Battle of the Chesapeake he was trapped with no choice but to fight. After enduring a three-week siege, he was forced to surrender his 7,500-man army, effectively ending the American Revolution. Later Career Cornwallis sailed home as a prisoner of war on parole, and on the way, the ship was captured by a French privateer. Cornwallis eventually reached London on January 22, 1782, but he did not secure his complete freedom until the Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783. He found that no one blamed him for the loss of the American colony, and, as early as the summer of 1782, he was offered the role of governor-general of India, then a colony of Great Britain. Politics delayed his acceptance—in part his own requirements to have a military role rather than a strictly political one—and in the interim, he made a fruitless diplomatic mission to Prussia to meet with Frederick the Great about a possible alliance with England. Cornwallis finally accepted the post of governor-general of India on February 23, 1786, and arrived in Madras in August. During his tenure, he proved an able administrator and a gifted reformer. While in India, his forces defeated the famed Tipu Sultan. At the end of his first term, he was made 1st Marquess Cornwallis and returned to England in 1794. He was engaged in a small way in the French Revolution and named master of the ordinance. In 1798, he was dispatched to Ireland as Lord Lieutenant and Commander-in-Chief of the  Royal Irish Army. After putting down an Irish rebellion, he aided in passing the Act of Union, which united the English and Irish Parliaments. Death and Legacy Resigning from the army in 1801, Cornwallis was again sent to India four years later. His second term proved short, though, as he grew ill and died in Ghazipur, capital of the Varanasi kingdom, on October 5, 1805, only two months after arriving. He is buried there, with his monument overlooking the Ganges River. Cornwallis was a British aristocrat and a member of Englands House of Lords, seemed sympathetic at times toward the American colonists, and opposed many of the Tory governments policies that offended them. But as a supporter of the status quo and a man of strong character and inflexible principles, he was trusted to aid in suppressing the rebellion in his post in America. Despite his losses there, he was sent to do the same in India and Ireland.

Zimmerman - Surname Meaning and Family History

The Zimmermann / Zimmerman  surname originated as the German  occupational name Zimmermann  derived from the German word for carpenter. From the Middle High German zimber, meaning timber, wood and mann, man. This surname was sometimes Americanized as Carpenter. ZIMMERMANN is the 20th most common German surname.   Surname Origin:  German, Jewish Alternate Surname Spellings:  ZIMMERMAN, ZIMERMAN, ZYMERMANN, ZIMMERER, ZIMERMAN, CIMERMAN, CYMERMAN, CIMERMANN , TIMMERMAN, TIMMERMANN, SIMMERMAN, SIMMERMANN Famous People with the Surname ZIMMERMAN Rachel Zimmerman - inventor of the Blissymbol printerArthur Zimmermann -  State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the German Empire during WWI; author of the infamous Zimmermann TelegramJordan Zimmermann -  American professional MLB baseball pitcher  Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman) - American singer-songwriter- American known for the shooting of Trayvon Martin in Florida in 2012 Where is the ZIMMERMANN  Surname Most Commonly Found? Surname distribution data on  Forebears ranks Zimmermann as the 20th most common surname in Germany, while the Zimmerman spelling is more common in the United States. Zimmermann is also very common in Switzerland, where it ranks 14th in the nation, and in Austria, where it comes in 66th. WorldNames PublicProfiler indicates that the Zimmermann surname is fairly common throughout Germany, with a slight edge in the regions of Sachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Baden-Wà ¼rttemberg, and Thà ¼ringen, as well as Alsace, France. According to surname distribution maps from Verwandt.de, there are over 119,000 individuals with the Zimmermann surname living in Germany. The greatest numbers are found around the cities of Berlin, Cologne, Hamburg, and Munich, as well as a cluster around Rhein-Neckar-Kreis and Karlsruhe. Genealogy Resources for the Surname ZIMMERMANN Common German Surnames Their MeaningsUncover the meaning of your German last name with this free guide to German surnames meanings and origins. Zimmerman  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Zimmerman  family crest or coat of arms for the Zimmerman surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Carpenter Cousins  Y-DNA ProjectThis project is focused on individuals with the Carpenter, Zimmerman and variant surnames interested in using  Y-DNA testing and traditional genealogical research to identify  genetically distinct Carpenter and Zimmerman lines, both English and German. Zimmerman Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Zimmerman surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Zimmerman query. There is also a separate forum for the Zimmermann spelling. FamilySearch - ZIMMERMAN  GenealogyExplore over 1.5  million  historical records which mention individuals with the Zimmerman surname, as well as online Zimmerman family trees on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ZIMMERMAN  Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts a free mailing list for researchers of the Zimmerman  surname, as well as a separate list for the Zimmermann spelling. DistantCousin.com - ZIMMERMANN Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Zimmermann. GeneaNet - Zimmermann  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Zimmerman  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France, Germany and other European countries. The Zimmermann  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Zimmermann  from the website of Genealogy Today.----------------------- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Zara, Fast Fashion Free Essays

The global apparel market is a buyer-driven market. Along with the globalization and technology development, consumers are easier to access to fashion. As a result, the customers are changing and the companies are evolving to deliver customers satisfaction. We will write a custom essay sample on Zara, Fast Fashion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Zara, the most profitable brand of Spain clothing retail group Inditex, has leveraged its unique strategy to achieve success and will be expected to maintain a sustainable growth in the fashion industry. Zara’s core competencies can be divided into four areas: process development, distribution, marketing and integrated business structure (referred to Appendix 1). Zara’s unique process development allowed Zara to produce in a shorter cycle time and more quickly response to the customer’s needs than other competitors. When the fashion season started, Zara’s designers attended trade fairs and ready-to-wear fashion shows to translate the latest trend of fashion into their design. Zara’s product development staff, at the meanwhile, researched the market through different retail stores and university campuses to understand customer’s preferences. Zara’s IT system, on the other hand, played a key role on the internal communications. This helped Zara’s managers constantly track the sales data and therefore capture the customer’s desire. Moreover, Zara’s centralized distribution facility gave the chain efficiency. Both internal and external products passed through the distribution center, and were inspected and shipped immediately. Then, to increase the delivery speed, Zara scheduled shipments by time zone. Products were shipped by truck or air and were usually delivered to worldwide stores within 24-48 hours. In contrast to other companies’ outsourcing activities, Zara’s in-house manufacturing created a rapid product turnover since its products were limited and the inventories were strictly controlled. This rapid turnover created an opportunity to Zara’s retail stores and a sense of scarcity that â€Å"buy now because you won’t see this item later†. This increased the frequency of the customer visit and also allowed Zara to sell more products at full price. Zara’s business structure was very imperative to help the company develop its business strategy successfully. Each business function under this structure could be narrowly defined and management teams could frequently communicate across the functional departments. In addition to provide training, Zara enhanced Managers’ performance on store operations by the use of standardized reporting systems. This allowed Zara to work horizontally in an open communication environment. Moreover, Zara’s country managers were almost selected from locals. They transferred the information between top management at headquarters and store managers and thus making Zara adjust to the market quickly. This, in turn, would deliver customer’s satisfaction and boost the sales. Vertical integration, Zara’s distinctive business system, provided Zara with the competitive edge in the fashion industry. Zara manufactured its most fashion-sensitive products internally. About 11,000 distinct items were produced during the year, variations in color, fabric and sizes. This allowed the company to supply a broader product line into the market and to align with its business strategy. Furthermore, this vertical integration helped the company reduce the â€Å"bullwhip effect† in the chain. Products took place in small batches, flowed into the central distribution center and were shipped directly from the central distribution center. This helped the company not only keep low inventories but also avoid the potential amplification of the final demand. More importantly, Zara’s vertical integration shortened its cycle time of entire design to four to five weeks and two weeks for modifications, compared with traditional companies’ up to six months and three months, respectively. Such integration system provided Zara with the flexibility to constantly update its design and also reduced its working capital intensity, thereby maintaining a sustainable growth in the fast fashion market. Zara positioned its brand on the fashion-conscious market and offered fresh assortments of designer-style clothes and accessories with relatively low prices. Zara had a cost advantage over other competitors due to its low advertising costs. Zara spent only 0. 3% of revenue on the media advertising, compared with other retailers. Zara promoted its brand by offering rapid changing product lines and creating customers’ positive word of mouth that resulted. In addition, to target at the ages between 18 and 34 with middle to middle-high income, Zara mainly relied on its attractive stores which located in highly visible locations to project its image. Zara’s frequent refurbishing of store, creative window display and varied staff uniforms also allowed Zara to position its image in the elegant, high-end and fashion-driven market. However, Zara implemented a different positioning strategy for Zara overseas. In contrast to Spain, where all of Zara’s stores were company-owned, Zara used three different methods to enter into the international markets: company-owned stores for high-profile countries, joint ventures for important countries where there were barriers to direct entry, and franchises for small countries. This helped Zara reduce operational risks and gained a detailed insight into local demand. Although pricing was market-based, prices in other countries were higher than in Spain, for example, 70% higher in Americas and 100% higher in Japan. The higher retail prices implied a different positioning for different countries. For example, while Zara targeted at 80% of Spanish citizens, it aimed at the upper and middle class in Mexico, and presented a high-end image in South America. It also implied that Zara promoted its image of â€Å"made in Spain† to emphasize the local produce, whereas built its image of â€Å"made in Europe† to emphasize its high-end and prestigious positioning. Although Zara had a successful business module in the fashion industry, its strategy also had some weaknesses to prevent its future growth. First of all, Zara’s vertical integration couldn’t create the economics of scale, which means, Zara couldn’t supply a larger quantity of products. This, in turn, would increase its production cost. Moreover, the higher pricing in oversea markets was a barrier for Zara to gain more market share. HM, Zara’s competitor, also focused on the fast fashion market and adopted a lower price strategy to the international market. In the end, Zara could not explore well in the U. S. and Asia markets. The U. S. is the key market to North America, which required a larger size on average and exhibited considerable internal variation. Therefore, the best way for Zara to maintain its sustainable competitive advantage is to re-position in the U. S. nd Asia markets. For the U. S. market, which was less fashion-forward than Europe, Zara can focus on the design that specifically caters to the American preferences, for example, emphasizing on the natural, casual style. In addition, Zara can seek the opportunities on the large emerging markets in Asia, like China and India. China has a large population and similar fashion preferences to Europe . Through opening flagship stores, Zara can build its image at the middle to upper class in Chinese big cities to create shopper traffic. Another way to expand its business is setting up internet retailing model. More and more youngsters prefer to shop at home at anytime. Therefore, the form of direct retailing will help Zara to gain more customers and reach them faster. In conclusion, Zara’s unique business model demonstrates a strong success in the fashion market. By expanding internationally and focusing on different geographical preferences, Zara will maintain a sustainable competitive advantage in future and enjoy its increasing profit margins from oversea retail markets. Appendix 1. VRIN Valuable| Rare| * Rapid product turnover * Relatively low price| * HM| Inimitable| Non-substitutable| Fast response * Short cycle time of entire design * Unique organizational culture (staff, communication, etc. )| * Process development (in-housing production, IT system, distribution, etc. ) * Vertical integration| 2. Value Chain * Inbound logistics * Zara’s designers attended trade fairs and global ready-to-wear fashion shows to translate the latest trend of fashion into their design; * Z ara’s purchasing offices connected store managers to understand customer preferences; * The 100%-owned subsidiary of Inditex Comditel managed the entire dyeing process and supplied to production in only one week. Operations * Most fashionable items were produced in small lots or under contract by suppliers located close by, and recorded if they sold well; * More price-sensitive items were likely to be outsourced to Asia; * Zara’s factories were heavily automated and focused on the capital-intensive parts of the production process, finishing and inspection; * Unique IT system allowed employees to quickly transfer information and track sales record; * Long term relations with about 450 workshops. Outbound logistics * Distributed garments by a dual-shift basis and featured a mobile tracking system; * Scheduled shipments by time zone to increase efficiency; * Products were shipped by truck or air, and typically delivered within 24-48 hours to worldwide stores; * Started to build a second distribution center with a 120,000 square meters of warehouse space that had direct access to local airport, the railway and road network. * Marketing and sales Emphasized broad, rapidly changing product lines, relatively high fashion content and reasonable quality to be a quick fashion follower; * Spent limited revenue in advertising (0. 3%); * Created rapid product turnover and offered customers with limited products to create a sense of scarcity that â€Å"buy now because you won’t see this item later† * Expanded internationally and opened the flagship stores in worldwide main cities. * Service * Located stores in highly visible locations; * Invested more heavily in store refurbishing to provide customers with superior shopping experiences. How to cite Zara, Fast Fashion, Essay examples

Stylistic Analysis Hamlet Soliloquy free essay sample

Shakespeare’s Hamlet is full of misdirection and mysterious happenings that are only explained to the audience through various soliloquies and hidden actions. Hamlet’s soliloquy in act 3, scene 2, is crucial for the audience to understand the mental struggle and inconsistent characteristics of the play’s eponymous protagonist. Hamlet incorporates dark, sinister-like images, to portray his future course of action towards his mother, Gertrude. Hamlet’s soliloquy is presented in a time of night that allows him to be open with the audience. For Hamlet, the dark serves as a shield that protects him from feeling the moral burdens of his future plans towards his mother. Hamlet describes the night as a time â€Å"when churchyards yawn and hell itself breathes out† (iii. ii. 2). This ominous description of the setting gives Hamlet comfort in knowing that evil regularly occurs. Therefore, his actions towards his mother would not seem as wicked because they are part of the normal happenings of the night. We will write a custom essay sample on Stylistic Analysis: Hamlet Soliloquy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hamlet uses the soliloquy to depict how he is finally going to avenge his father. He uses ruthless tone to describe â€Å"such bitter business of the day† (iii. ii. 4). This tone is rarely used from Hamlet prior to this soliloquy. The soliloquy serves as a major turning point for Hamlet. Hamlet now has evidence for Claudius’s involvement in Hamlet’s father’s murder. Therefore, he now cannot use the excuse of a lack of proof for his inaction. Hamlet notifies the audience that he is planning â€Å"to be cruel† towards his mother without appearing strange and unnatural (iii. ii. 8). Hamlet’s normally wavering and cowardly nature is buried by this seemingly merciless tone. Hamlet is aware of his ever changing view towards his mother. He understands that he has to struggle in order to feel true resentment. Hamlet demonstrates this great effort when he says, â€Å"O heart, lost not thy nature, let not ever† (iii. ii. 6). Strangely enough, Hamlet’s affection strengthens as the soliloquy progresses. Hamlet begins to be more empathetic towards his mother. Deep in his heart, Hamlet knows that he loves his mother regardless of what his actions depict. Hamlet says that his â€Å"tongue and soul in this be hypocrites† (iii. ii. 10). Hamlet’s words will contradict his love for his mother as he will speak spitefully. Hamlet finishes the soliloquy with an unusual outburst proclaiming that he will â€Å"give them seals never, my soul, consent† (iii.ii. 12). This outburst outlines his indecisive yet ironically impulsive character. Towards the end of the soliloquy, Hamlet’s tone towards his mother becomes cruel, yet full of empathy and love. Hamlet’s soliloquy serves a major role in notifying the audience about Hamlet’s inner thoughts. Additionally, the dark setting allows these thoughts to be honest and candid. Hamlet is both resentful and affectionate towards his mother. Because of these contrasting emotions, Hamlet tends to be act extremely indecisive and uncertain. This soliloquy portrays Hamlet’s great suffering due to his fragile and perplexed mental state.

The Ozone Layer Essay Example For Students

The Ozone Layer Essay The Ozone LayerIn environmental science the green house effect is a common term for therole water vapor; carbon dioxide and ozone play in keeping the earths surfacewarmer than it would normally be. The atmosphere is primarily transparent toinfrared radiation from the sun, which is mostly absorbed by the earths surface. The earth being much cooler than the sun, remits radiation most strongly atinfrared wavelengths. Water vapor, carbon dioxide and ozone then absorb much ofthis radiation and remit a large proportion back towards the earth. Theatmosphere thus acts as a kind of blanket: without its presents the earthsaverage ground temperature of 15 degrees Celsius would fall to -28 degreesCelsius. The termed greenhouse effect implies that a comparable effect keepsthe interior of the green house warm. Actually, the man role of the glass in agreen house is to prevent convection currents from mixing cooler air outsidewith the warmer air inside. We will write a custom essay on The Ozone Layer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Although water is the most important factor in the greenhouse effect, isa major reason why human regions experience less cooling at night than do dryregions. Changes in both water and carbon dioxide play an important role inclimate changes. For this reason many scientist have expressed concerns overthe global increase of carbon dioxide in resent decades, largely as a result ofthe burring of fossil fuels. In many other factors of the earths presentclimate remain more or less constant, the carbon dioxide increase should raisethe average temperature at the earths surface. Because warm air can containwarm water before reaching saturation than cooler air can, the amount of waterwould probably increase as the atmosphere got warmer . This process could go onforever. Although this considered unlikely many negative feed backs could as sooccur, such as increase in cloud cover or increase carbon dioxide absorptionby the oceans, the results of even a limited rise in average surface temperaturere mains sufficiently dramatic to justify concern. In October 1983 the US Environmental Protection Agency released a reportthat projected the irreversible onset of the greenhouse effect by the 1990s. Shortly there after the National Academy of Sciences issued its own report, inwhich the matter of irreversibility remain more in question. Both reports,however, strongly indicated the need for measures to check the rise in carbondioxide. No matter what term you use global warming or greenhouse effect, theyboth play a major role in the earths climate. Climate researchers areattempting to predict, based on ocean and air circulation, how great an increasethere will be. If global warming continues then the polar ice caps will melt andmost of the earth will be flooded and a lot of lives will be lost. The Ozone is located in the stratosphere, approximately 10 km 50 kmabove the earth. The density of ozone gas at zero degrees Celsius is 1 ATM. The Ozone is relatively unstable form of molecular oxygen containing threeoxygen atoms (O ). Radiation from the sun continuously bombards the Earthsatmosphere, causing molecules to break apart into component elements that forminto new chemical compounds. Ozone is produced when upper-atmosphere oxygenmolecules (O ) are broken apart by ultra-violet light. Most of the freed oxygenatoms immediately bond with nearby oxygen molecules to form ozone (O + O =O ). The only method used to make commercially is to pass gaseous oxygen or airthrough a high voltage alternating-current electric discharge called a silentelectric discharge. Ozone near the earths surface is generally regarded to asa bad . It is created from industrial, transportation, and some naturalsources. It is the most noxious component of smog. All high concentration, 0is known to reduce human lung capacity, as well as damage the cells of manyplants, animals, and other organisms. For these reasons, ozone is treated asand air pollutant in most industrial countries. Furthermore, O in the uppertroposphere is a powerful greenhouse gas and is believed to play a role inglobal warming. .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1 , .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1 .postImageUrl , .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1 , .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1:hover , .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1:visited , .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1:active { border:0!important; } .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1:active , .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1 .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf77839a25c20f26f108f08252658dad1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Adrian Arbuckle EssayOn the other hand, ozone in the stratosphere is highly valued. Itserves as a protective radiation shield that interprets solar ultraviolet lightharmful to living things. Ultraviolet light splits the relatively unstable Omolecules into O and atomic O. Most of the time, the O atom created by Ozonebreakup recombines with one of the plentiful O molecules to re-form O . ThisOzone-creation process is constantly at work producing more ozone. Scientistcant predict with certainly the consequences for life on the earth if thestratosphere ozone layer weakens. In general, biologists and healthprofessionals recognize that life on earth enveloped under the protectio n of anozone layer thick enough to remove much of the UV-B solar radiation known todamage cellular organisms. Accordingly, various organismsincluding humansmay have difficult adjusting to the higher UV-B levels resulting from a thinnerozone Layer. Medical studies have quantified some of the expected effects ofincreased UV-B levels, based on real-life information form people exposed togreater than average UV-B levelspopulations living at high altitudes and inthe tropics, where the average ozone layer is thinner and the sunlight moredirect. The most serious medical effects include increased incidence ofcataracts and skin cancer, as well as evidence of weakened immune-systemresponse. Ecological research indicated that some crop yields will decrease anddisruption in marine food chains may occur. A weakened ozone layer may also case climatological effects. Thestratosphere warms with altitude because the splitting of stratospheric ozone iscaused by ultraviolet photons, which contain much more energy than that requiredto break the O-O bond. This extra energy is converted to heat. Lessstratospheric ozone means less local heating, but it also means that more UVlight is transmitted to heat the lower atmosphere and the earths surface. Ozone can be destroyed by chemicals that react directly with it, or bythose that react with the oxygen atom temporarily freed whenever an o moleculebreaks apart. However, since ozone concentrations are higher than those of mostreactive chemicals in the stratosphere, the only ozone destroyers of concern arethose that can participate in a catalytic cycle that is, where one tracecatalytic chemical can be responsible for destroying terns or even hundreds ofthousands of ozone molecules. In the last few years, various human activities have released ozone destroying chemicals into the atmosphere. Of Particular importance are halogenatoms chlorine and bromide. Chemicals release into the ozone by industrialparticles include chlorocarbon compounds (such as CCL and CHI CL ),chloroflucarbon compounds CFCs and halon compounds. Chlorocarcon compounds are used primarily as industrial solvents,degreasing compounds, and CFC precursors. The CFCs are used as working fluidsin refrigeration and air conditioning units. Aerosol propellant agents. TheHalons are used as fire suppressants. Once in the stratosphere, all thesechlorine and bromine containing compounds are broken apart by solar ultravioletradiation, releasing their Cl or Br atoms. These atoms start the process ofOzone destruction. Each Chlorine of Bromine atom that starts the destructioncycle can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules. There are on the other hand naturalozone depletes such as volcanic eruptions. A hole in the Ozone has emerged because of all of the depletion. Starting in the spring of 1980, a massive 8.2 square mile ozone hole accountingfor one quarter to one half the appeared over the continent of Antarctica. Forthe past 16 years the hole has grown larger. There was a theory that predictedthat the most severe O loss would occur relatively high in the stratosphereabove 30 km). It was called the Roland/Molina theory. In fact the largestdepletion over Antarctica occurred in the middle range between 13 and 21 km. .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716 , .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716 .postImageUrl , .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716 , .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716:hover , .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716:visited , .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716:active { border:0!important; } .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716:active , .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716 .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u35266bda273819df4c2bffb7e95f0716:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Van Helsing EssayAtmospheric chlorine and bromine levels are expected to peak around 1998. There are currently steps being made to protect the ozone. One suchstep is the 1987 Montreal Protocol on substances that harmed the ozone. 37nations signed the bill, it read that the signing nations cut down on the use ofchlorofluorocarbons and to completely stop CFC emissions by the year 2000. Ingeneral people are waking up to this serious problem; as well they should. Themore ozone that is destroyed the more UVA rays and UVB rays that reach the earth. It is hypothesized that by the year 2086 if depletion continues at the currentrate that no living organism will be able to survive on on earth unless theyare underwater. Ozone is debatibly the most important thin known man. The survival ofthe human race is really dependent upon the ozone layer. If we keep using thesedangerous chemicals, such as CFC, found in arisol cans, we could ultimatlydestroy the ozone layer. If we destroy the ozone layer then we are reallykillling ourselves. If the ozone layer is destroyed then powerful ultriviolentrays will penitrate the earth and everyone would get skin cancer and eventuallydie. I hope organizations will continue to work to prevent the distruction ofozone because I would like to see man survive for a while.

A Short Analysis of the Language in Shakespeares Sonnet Essay Example

A Short Analysis of the Language in Shakespeares Sonnet Essay Example A Short Analysis of the Language in Shakespeares Sonnet Essay A Short Analysis of the Language in Shakespeares Sonnet Essay William Shakespeare expresses the emotional power of love in Sonnet 29 by using big words such as pewee or phrases such as curse my fate and wishing me lie eke to more rich in hope. These phrases/ words create a sad feeling throughout the poem. They create a sad feeling by using negative words such as pewee(crying), curse(my fate), and disgrace e(noun in disgrace with fortune and mens eyes. Of course, since this is a sonnet, the pop mes mood changes in the ninth line. This is clearly seen when he uses phrases such as sweet love e and heavens great after the ninth line which represents somewhat of a joyful mood change . Using such big words like these express the emotional power in Sonnet 29 rather than just Pl mainly saying happy or sad. The theme of this poem is being grateful for what you already have an d not to be too greedy. One poetic device Shakespeare uses to convey the theme of this Poe is using the Structure and Format of the Sonnet. He starts out feeling sad for what he doe sensate but then in ninth line, he switches his feeling by being happy for what he already has. An other poetic device he uses is simile where he would describe how great he feels then continuing on how he is happy with what he has and wouldnt trade what he has already with anything else. Finally, the main poetic device he uses is the attitude and experiences of the speaker.

Media for Marketing and Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Media for Marketing and Advertising - Essay Example On the other hand we approximate so as to the market enlargement of this industry would probable to be superior because of the enlargement of vigorous tendency in Paris. Consequently, market tendency of bicycle is enlargement of vigorous and wellness tendency that most of 70 percent European individuals become improved. They’re probable to do exercise more in subsequently approaching year. Consequently there is the tendency of health breach in the subsequently year which is the immense chance to put up for trade more bicycle products surrounded by this group of individuals depended on known data from Bicycle as orientations (Vollmer and Precourt 2008). In untimely summer of 1965, a University of Florida supporter trainer be seated down with a group of university physicians plus inquired them to decide why so many of children were being exaggerated by warmth and temperature connected sickness. The owners were so frightened with the â€Å"Gator coach’s help† so as to they reserved it on their unimportant all through the whole season which completed with a dramatic conquest in excess of the a lot preferential Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV (Freeman and Bradley 2008). In the years with the intention of pursued, progressively NFL groups started leaving Bicycle on the tangential of their games along with performances, later Bicycle became the official sports bicycle of the NFL a title it holds to this day. Two decades after Dr. Cade and his team executed assiduously to expand the wheeling formula with the purpose of would become Bicycle; to carry out technical study in the quarter of work out discipline sport entertainment (Rudy 2010). Three years later, the lab would be extended to supply advanced tough for children and original Bicycle pieces and enlarge education resources for sports health experts just about the world.

Appropriate Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Appropriate Advertising - Essay Example They will expose, shape, and try to mold the minds of children into tomorrow's consumers. Advertising, like television programming, should be screened for adult content, adult products, and relegated to an appropriate time slot. Children's exposure to a wide variety of products and influences is limited by society. Social norms limit drinking age, access to tobacco, and entry into the military. There should also be strict laws on the media content that enters and influences the minds of children. There is little doubt that when Miller Brewery advertises on Saturday afternoon they are not just selling beer. They are also grooming future customers. Advertisers know that children are watching and paying close attention. According to marketing researchers Maher, Hu, and Kolbe (2006), children as young as 6 years old are able to recall television advertisements with a 90% accuracy rate after seeing a commercial (p 31). At this tender and impressionable age, advertising can substantially influence a child's future willingness to drink or engage in other social deviance. Not only are children force-fed a propensity for unhealthy products, they are also socialized with an unrealistic view of materialism. Intent is as important as content in an advertisement viewed by children.

Analysis of the Term Victorian

Analysis of the Term Victorian How useful is the term ‘Victorian’? The era of Queen Victoria’s reign witnessed the passing of milestones in social, economic, and personal progress. It was the age of industrialisation, a time of travel, a battleground for the conflict between science and religion. Yet further to these great markers by which many of us recognise the nineteenth century, and indeed because of them, Victoria’s reign inspired change within the individual; a revaluation of what it meant to be a human being. The literary artists gave new form to the questions on the lips of the society around them: questions that were no longer so easily answered by Christianity. This essay will explore how the term ‘Victorian’ does or doesn’t fit into the context from which it supposedly arises. I will look at trends such as the development of literary criticism, pioneering scientific discoveries, the exploration into psychic phenomenon, the increasing independence of women, the mapping of the world, all of which contribu te to what we know and understand as ‘Victorian’, and have in some way shaped the work of authors such as Eliot, Conan Doyle, and H.G Wells. Using some close textual analysis I hope to identify the nature of the inspiration behind the literature of the time and whether or not such work transcends the limits of the term ‘Victorian.’ Many great literary minds of the time such as Arnold, Dickens, and Ruskin helped define the era in their critical attitudes towards it. (Davis 2002, p.10). Criticism appears to have become a form of exploration in an attempt to turn what concerned and worried the artist into something that questioned and reassured. Arnold, in his Essays in Criticism (Arnold, 1865, p.V) explains how he perceives the difference between logical and artistic thought The truth is I have never been able to ht it off happily with the logicians, and it would be mere affectation in me to give myself the airs of doing so. They imagine truth something to be proved, I something to be seen; they something to be manufactured, I as something to be found. It is this growing awareness of difference that was to become a defining feature of Victorian literature. Differences appeared in the very perception of things, which led to feelings of isolation, despair, alienation all prominent themes in nineteenth century work. In Arnold’s A Summer Night (Arnold 1913, p.167) we see the poetic mind struggling to find meaning on a moonlit street where the windows, like hostile faces, are ‘silent and white, unopening down’: And the calm moonlight seems to say Hast thou then still the old unquiet breast That neither deadens into rest Nor ever feels the fiery glow That whirls the spirit front itself away, 30 But fluctuates to and fro Never by passion quite possessd And never quite benumbd by the worlds sway? And I, I know not if to pray Still to be what I am, or yield, and be Like all the other men I see. Arnold recognises that the society around him is unfulfilled, that men are giving ‘their lives to some unmeaning taskwork’ and he questions whether he should be questioning at all. He is aware of a gap between the reality of working life and life outside of work; a difference that he strives to find explanation for. Arnold appears to be lost amidst the streets of his own mind afraid of not being able to define who he is, what he is. These feelings in part express what it meant to be a Victorian struggling to place thoughts and feelings which appear to no longer fit into society. The Victorian era contained much of what had past and much of what was still to come it cannot be seen as an isolated time, nor as an isolated term. It contained aspects of the Romantic period for instance in Arnold’s poem, The Buried Life, we see vestiges of Wordsworth’s legacy of Ode to Immortality. In both poems there is a sense of something lost an old passion or instinct that has gone with the passing of time yet Arnold, unlike Wordsworth, finds it more difficult to come to terms with this: ‘A longing to inquire / Into the mystery of this heart that beats / So wild, so deep in us, to know / Whence our thoughts come and where they go.’ (Arnold 1913, p.170). The language is more passionately discontent than the resolute tone of Wordsworth’s visionary acceptance: ‘We will grieve not, rather find/Strength in what remains behind.’ (Wordsworth 1928, p.136). The styles are obviously connected, but the trouble with defining the era usi ng literary terminology is that it is clearly neither a quirky extension of the Romantic’s vision, nor is it a straightforward path to the modernists. The 1870’s saw the maturation of authors such as Anthony Trollope who brought out his later novels, yet only twenty years later in 1896 these publications are sitting beside the considerably different form and subject matter of work such as H.G. Wellls’ The Time Machine and The Island of Dr. Moreau, with literary experiments with the modern such as Richard Jefferies’ The Story of My Heart occurring between in 1883. A growing concern in nineteenth century life was the potential loss of the Romantic link between human nature and the natural world, and the gap which sudden industrial progress highlighted between nature and mechanisation. As technology developed so did the notion of artificiality. It is worth noting J.S.Mill’s essay on Nature (Mill 1874, p.65) where he says that it is man’s nature to be artificial, to remedy nature by artificial pruning and intervention. Further to this, a contemporary of Mill’s Richard Jennings also drew a line between the ‘province of human nature’ and the ‘external world.’ (Lightman 1997, p.80). In the countryside more efficient methods of farming were employed (see the contrast between Henchard’s methods and Farfrae’s ‘ciphering and mensuration’ in Hardy’s Mayor of Casterbridge, (Hardy 1886, p.122)), and new machines introduced which no longer required the labour force to run the m, encouraging people to migrate to towns and cities. The urban reality was harsh in 1851 roughly four million people were employed in trade and manufacture and mining, leaving only one and a half million in agriculture. (Davis 2002, p.13). City life, as portrayed by Dickens, was a cruel, unhealthy and unwholesome existence for many (see Bleak House and Little Dorritt). However, much of his work was set in the period of his youth and childhood which was pre-Victorian. (Lawton (ed) 1995, p.xvi). Working conditions in cities were often cramped, unhygienic and poorly ventilated, and living conditions could be even worse. Mrs. Gaskell, living in Manchester, witnessed the appalling pressures that these conditions forced upon family life, and in North and South depicts the difficulties of urban living, offering that salvation for the working classes lay with themselves and their employers, working together. (see North and South 1855) However, city life was not all desolate based in cit ies, the development of the detective novel brought the city back to human scale (Lehan, p.84). Detectives pieced together and reconstructed past events through clues for example, the murder of Bartholomew Sholto in The Sign of Four by Conan Doyle: As far as we can learn, no actual traces of violence were found upon Mr Sholto’s person, but a valuable collection of Indian gems which the deceased gentleman had inherited from his father had been carried off. The discovery was first made by Mr Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson () Mr. Athelney Jones, the well-known member of the detective police force, happened to be at the Norwood police station () Mr Jones’ well-known technical knowledge and his powers of minute observation have enabled him to prove conclusively that the miscreants could not have entered by the door or by the window but must have made their way across the roof of the building, and so through a trapdoor into a room which communicated with that in which the body was found. (p.66) The city provided an exciting backdrop to crime scenes its labyrinthine streets similar to the mapping of the pathways of the human mind so that the two became inextricably linked. As Joseph McLaughlin says in Writing the Urban Jungle, ‘the urban jungle is a space that calls forth a pleasurable acquiescence to something greater, more powerful, and, indeed, sublime () also an imaginative domain that calls forth heroic action: exploring, conquering, enlightening, purifying, taming, besting.’ (McLaughlin 2000, p.3). Further to what McLaughlin suggests, the Victorians’ perception of time and space in the city and the countryside was changing radically from the medieval perceptions that still existed in the Romantic period. People saw the finished products in both manufacturing and farming no longer involving the long, drawn-out means to an end, instead the end result was being achieved faster and with more control. Here developed the root of modern industry which continues today in intensive farming and factory lines. Yet here too the beginnings of waste and excess. Richard Jefferies, a nineteenth century naturalist and mystic, known for his essays on nature, remarks on the abundance of food in the natural world in his essay Meadow Thoughts: The surface of the earth offers to us far more than we can consume the grains, the seeds, the fruits, the animals, the abounding products are beyond the power of all the human race to devour. They can, too, be multiplied a thousandfold. There is no natural lack. Whenever there is lack among us it is from artificial causes, which intelligence should remove. (Jefferies, 1994, p.26). Unfortunately there was plenty for those who could afford it but not enough to spare for the poorer lower classes. (Ritvo 1997, p.194). Trends of over production and wastage which became a worry in Victorian times are reflected in the literary concerns of Jefferies’ spiritual autobiography The Story of My Heart, and in his children’s story, Bevis, where words, despite their abundance, are in danger of becoming an insufficient medium of expression and not filling the metaphysical space on the page. In describing a sunrise and the thoughts and feelings associated with watching it, Jefferies struggles to articulate the beauty before him: The sun had not yet stood out from the orient, but his precedent light shone through the translucent blue. Yet it was not blue, nor is there any word, nor is a word possible to convey the feeling. (Jefferies 1881, p.391) We see too in James Thomson’s City of Dreadful Night (Thomson 1892, p.2) the desperateness of trying to articulate thoughts and feelings: Because a cold rage seizes one at whiles To show the bitter old and wrinkled truth Stripped naked of all vesture that beguiles, False dreams, false hopes, false masks and modes of youth; Because it gives some sense of power and passion In helpless impotence to try to fashion Our woe in living words howeer uncouth. In both passages there is a sense of trying to convey so much more than the words will allow. And that is the essence of the problem of defining the era with a word which the era itself selected ‘Victorian’ like the authors of its time struggles to convey the enormity and the condensed nature of its changing environment. Victorian literature is thus perhaps best studied between the lines of its texts rather than for what it offers at face value. Thomson’s words ‘to try to fashion our woe in living words’ although appearing dismal could actually withhold a more positive message: it deals with the notion of perseverance that by creating words, however difficult, the author is refusing to give in to despair by trying to transform it into creative energy. There is a sense of crisis in the work of Thomson, just as there is to be found in Jefferies futuristic After London where the lone explorer Felix discovers the land after humanity has overreached itself to sociological disaster and has lost the harmonious relationship between mankind and nature. London becomes no more than a crystallised ruin in a ground oozing with poison ‘unctuous and slimy, like a thick oil.’ (Jefferies 1885, p.205). Through work like this we see that ‘Victorian’ was an era of possibility where visions of the future suddenly became tangible concerns and possible realities, and where contemporary conceptions of language and life might no longer hold up to the pressures of the time. In H.G. Wells’ the Time Machine, the time traveller discovers a land in the year 802,701: The air was free from gnats, the earth from weeds or fungi; everywhere were fruits and sweet and delightful flowers; brilliant butterflies flew hither and thither. The ideal of preventative medicine was attained. diseases had been stamped out. I saw no evidence of any contagious diseases during all my stay. And i shall have to tell you later that even the processes of putrefaction and decay had been profoundly affected by these changes. (Wells 1995, p.28) In this description of a futuristic age the Victorian imagination still retains the idea of a paradise a place full of ‘butterflies’ and ‘flowers.‘ This Christian concept is a literary hangover from Milton’s Paradise Lost, and remains an important theme for the moderns such as D.H. Lawrence. (see The Rainbow). The Victorian age suffered from a dualistic split between a bright future on the one hand promised by leaps in technology, education and economical success and an increasingly alienated, confused society on the other. There were those writers like Huxley who believed that by human intervention within a political and economic framework humans could evolve out of their condition seeing ‘no limit to the extent to which intelligence and will () may modify the conditions of existence’ (Huxley 1911, p.149), and there were those like Hardy whose characters were destined to fail because they were not emotionally fitted into the cosmos ou t of which they evolved. (see Tess and Jude the Obscure). It was the nineteenth century spiritual crisis which precipitated the literary shift into the new genre of the realist novel. By the mid-nineteenth century, society had begun to grow away from the idea of atonement for sin within an omnipotent religion, where judgement would come solely in heaven, and towards the more humanistic idea of God as in-dwelling, so that salvation could be achieved on earth: We have now come to regard the world not as a machine, but as an organism, a system in which, while the parts contribute to the growth of the whole, the whole also reacts upon the development of the parts; and whose primary purpose is its own perfection, something that is contained within and not outside itself, an internal end: while in their turn the myriad parts of this universal organism are also lesser organisms, ends in and for themselves, pursuing each its lonely ideal of individual completeness. (Gore (ed) 1890, p.211) A spiritual lack created a need to define, order and categorise a world that suddenly appeared chaotic. When Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859 he raised issues of public concern as to the truth of the bible and the essence of Christianity. However, it’s content and its methodology were seriously criticised (Appleman 2001, p.200). It was a difficult work to accept as it caused the public to rethink and redefine their history that they were a product of evolution and not a tailor made being came as a shock. The future of thought and literature was suddenly changed as people tried to sew together the threads of the past. Natural Science became a national obsession exotic flora and fauna from across the world were brought into London daily, to be displayed in the British Museum or Kew Gardens (Lightman, 1997 p.1). In literature, we see the author begin to play the part of evolutionist: Eliot’s Middlemarch although concerned with the evolving character of D orothea Brooke follows the threads of sub-plots and the successes and failures of other characters which form a pattern of development. As Gillian Beer says: There is not one primitive tissue, just as there is not one key to all mythologies () emphasis upon plurality, rather than upon singleness, is crucial to the developing argument of Middlemarch. (Beer 2000, p.143). Gone is the tradition of the valiant hero or heroine singularly conquering their environment (a trend set by classics such as Homer’s The Odyssey) and in its place a landscape upon which the author grafts and nurtures developing shoots of life. It is this sort of growth that is in danger of remaining unseen to the contemporary historian or critic as it can become shrouded by generalising concepts which are so often prescribed to the term ‘Victorian’ concepts such as ‘repression‘, ‘old-fashioned’ and ‘prudish.’ (http://www.victorianweb.org/vn/victor4.html). These sort of terms restrict the individual’s perception of the era when it was a time when growth was encouraged rather than restricted. Authors used the metaphor of pruning and nurturing plant life to symbolise the development of the self for example in North and South Gaskell discusses the problem of the working individual who struggles to reach his or her potent ial when the manufacturers are ‘unsparingly cutting away all off-shoots in the direction of literature or high mental cultivation, in hopes of throwing the whole strength and vigour of the plant into commerce.’ (Gaskell 1865, p.69). For Gaskell, it is through the everyday interaction between people that such difficulties are given the chance to be overcome. And this was the essence of the realist novel set amidst a world which had witnessed such alteration to transform the lostness felt by society into a seeing of the smaller things in life which could withhold qualities of greater spiritual value. As Philip Davis says, ‘the realist novel was the holding ground, the meeting point, for the overlapping of common life.’ (Davis 2002, p.144). And it was within this common life that a more calm acceptance of the new state could be achieved. Gillian Beer suggests that through her novel’s organisation Eliot creates order and understanding of the evolving process of novel-writing. In Middlemarch, the naming of Casaubon‘s books ‘Waiting for Death, Two Temptations, Three Love Problems draws attention to the book’s organisation by emphasising categorisation: But the process of reading leads into divergence and variability. Even while we are observing how closely human beings conform in the taxonomy of events we learn how differently they feel and think. For Dorothea and Casaubon waiting for death means something very different from what it means for Mary Garth and Featherstone. The relations are different. The distances between people are different. Lydgate, here at one with the project of the book, longed to demonstrate the more intimate relations of living structure (1:15:225). In this double emphasis on conformity and variability George Eliot intensifies older literary organisations by means of recent scientific theory. In Darwinian theory, variability is the creative principle, but the type makes it possible for us to track common ancestry and common kinship. (Beer 2000, pp.143-4) Writing itself was becoming an almost divine representation, an inner order of a chaotic external world. The idea that humans had evolved from primates meant that the boundaries between what was one thing and what was another were no longer so clearly defined. There developed a fear of the animate and a fear of the inanimate, and efforts were sought to understand them. As Harriet Ritvo says in The Platypus and the Mermaid: Depending on the beholder, an anomaly might be viewed as embodying a challenge to the established order, whether social, natural, or divine; the containment of that challenge; the incomprehensibility of the creation by human intelligence; or simply the endless and diverting variety of the world. And beholders who agreed on the content of the representation could still disagree strongly about its moral valence whether it was good or bad, entrancing or disgusting. (Ritvo 1997, p.148). In a world where categorisation was important but not so easily achievable, the novel too became neither one thing nor another; realism became a melting pot for ideas, a sort of hybrid of styles. In Eliot’s The Lifted Veil realism is used as a vehicle for the exploration of her ideas into psychology and psychic phenomena. Latimers clairvoyance forces him to endure a painful insight into the minds of the people around him: I began to be aware of a phase in my abnormal sensibility, to which, from the languid and slight nature of my intercourse with others since my illness, I had not been alive before. This was the obtrusion on my mind of the mental process going forward in first one person, and then another, with whom I happened to be in contact: the vagrant, frivolous ideas and emotions of some uninteresting acquaintanceMrs Filmore, for examplewould force themselves on my consciousness like an importunate, ill-played musical instrument, or the loud activity of an imprisoned insect. But this superadded consciousness, wearying and annoying enough when it urged on me the trivial experience of indifferent people, became an intense pain and grief when it seemed to be opening to me the souls of those who were in a close relation to me when the rational talk, the graceful attentions, the wittily-turned phrases, and the kindly deeds, which used to make the web of their characters, were seen as if thrust asund er by a microscopic vision, that showed all the intermediate frivolities, all the suppressed egoism, all the struggling chaos of puerilities, meanness, vague capricious memories, and indolent make-shift thoughts, from which human words and deeds emerge like leaflets covering a fermenting heap.(Eliot 1859, pp.13-14) Latimer is no longer caught up in the ‘web’ of people’s characters. Eliot plays with the idea that his consciousness has the ability to transcend the mundane the ’rational talk’, the ’kindly deeds’ in order to gain insight into an alternative and not so rosy vision of the mechanics of the human mind where thoughts are ‘make-shift’ and ‘chaotic.’ The nineteenth century saw the acceptance of the concept of otherworldly phenomena into the working classes. Robert Owen, a social reformer, who influenced the British Labor movement (Oppenheim 1985, p.40) encouraged many working class ‘Owenites’ to ‘follow him into the spiritualist fold, where they enthusiastically continued their ongoing search for the ‘new moral world.’’ Interests such as spiritualism and psychology which had previously been more underground pursuits, were brought out into the open. The concept of telepathy, a term coined by Frederic Myers in 1882 (Luckhurst 2002, p.1) even helped to ‘theorize the uneasy cross-cultural encounters at the colonial frontier.’ (Luckhurst 2002, p.3) These developments suggest that the Victorians felt imbued with the power of their age they felt confident of their ability to communicate on different planes of consciousness. So it could be argued that ‘Victorian’ was not simply a time devoted to the discovery of the self and the workings of the inner mind, but a time that also focused on the projection of ideas and thoughts outside of the self; ideas which themselves stand outside of the category ‘Victorian.’ In 1869 the Spiritualist Newspaper began selling first as a fortnightly, then as a weekly publication. (Oppenheim 1985, p.45). This draws the discussion to the point of representation the social nature of Victorians seems to suggest that they enjoyed the focus being on themselves. Self-obsession is an aspect of the time which the term ‘Victorian’ usefully represents: by specifically referring to the rule of the Queen the term draws attention to the importance of the individual. The era saw the development of many different styles of fashion and the use of photography. As part of the Freudian influence great importance was placed on childhood and it was during the nineteenth century that the first laws concerning child welfare were passed. (Mavor quoted from Brown (ed) 2001, p.i) The focus on the central, the ego, was paramount. As Mavor says, it was as if the camera had to be invented in order to document what would soon be lost, childhood itself; and childhood had to be invented in order for the camera to document childhood (a fantasy of innocence) as real. (Brown (ed) 2001, p.27). Perhaps because of society’s awareness of change there seems to have been a necessity to record and keep track of the world around. Discovery took place on a much grander scale in the exploration of the world. The British Empire was global, yet as Patrick Brantlinger suggests in Rule of Darkness, (Brantlinger 1988, p.4) imperialism was not generally reflected in the literature of the time. What we do see evidence of however is the mapping of new worlds and territories (see Robert Louis Stevenson‘s Treasure Island and Richard Jefferies’ Bevis). The development of the adventure story suggests that Victorians desired to explore what lay outside of what they knew and in this respect the term ‘Victorian’ which people can think of as representing a society closed within in itself is misleading. The rise of imperialism began to shape the ideological dimensions of subjects studied in school (Bristow 1991, p.20) and so through literature the Victorian child was offered an exciting world of sophisticated representation and ideas with the knowledge that the world was theirs to explore. Does the term then encourage us to think of the society as a class of people set apart from the rest of the world? In The Island of Dr. Moreau it is not just the future of science that is explored but the concept of a new territory and its effects on the mind. For example, when the protagonist first sees the beast-servant on board the ship he is immediately frightened: I did not know then that a reddish luminosity, at least, is not uncommon in human eyes. The figure, with its eyes of fire, struck down through all my adult thoughts and feelings, and for a moment the forgotten horrors of childhood came back to my mind. Then the effect passed as it had come. An uncouth black figure of a man, a figure of no particular import, hung over the taffrail, against the starlight. (Wells 1997, p.31). The circumstances of being at sea is disorientating and causes the imagination to play tricks so that the man is first one thing ‘a figure with its eyes of fire’ and then suddenly becomes an ‘uncouth black figure of a man.’ The effect is that the protagonist suddenly regresses to the ’forgotten horrors of childhood.’ This sudden fluctuation is important as it represents the fluidity of the era and how change and discovery on a global scale, although empowering, also caused instability within the individual. Therefore, when considering the age in the context of its name we can understand that the term was perhaps created out of both the desire to represent achievement but also out of a need to belong. This desire to belong which manifested itself during an age ruled by one woman placed great importance on the role of the female in society. It was a time when women began to travel and write without the necessity of using a pseudonym (see Cheryl McEwan on Kingsley in West Africa, (2000, p.73)). In books such as Hardy’s Tess the idea of the fallen woman is tested: Tess attempts to rediscover paradise at Talbothays but ultimately a life with her lover is denied. The nineteenth century began to be more explicit concerning issues of gender: for example, the relationship between Arthur Munby and Hannah Cullwick (see McClintock 1995, pp.132-138) where Cullwick is photographed cross-dressed as a farm worker. A ‘Victorian’ man however appears to have had more stigma attached to him and in this context the term is commonly associated with heroism and English valour (Ridley/Dawson 1994, p.110). There is less flexibility surrounding the notion of Victorian men -as if the te rm somehow threatened their masculinity. However, this did not seem to affect the male authors of the time. Lewis Carroll captured the public imagination through Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, which although following the story of a little girl, depicts many male characters. (see Carroll 2000). In conclusion, the term ‘Victorian’ although useful to refer to a specific time period in history, does however encourage us to make sweeping generalisations without investigating how diverse the era was. In terms of the subject matter of Victorian Literature there is no clear cut distinction between early, middle and late Victorian for example, Bulwer-Lytton (see Zanoni and A Strange Story) attempts at the beginning of the century what Richard Jefferies does at the end the difference is in style and form. Within that time frame there was condensed an incredible diversity of styles, tastes and attitudes, yet the term suffers from being associated with prejudices and assumptions about Victorians. However, it is worth bearing in mind that prejudices were indeed a part of Victorian society. When the Victorians explored the rest of the world they made generalisations and assumptions based on what they found (eg: The Island of Dr. Moreau) where experience and the nature of what is discovered defines behaviour. As a critic in 1858 wrote ‘we are living in an age of transition’ (quoted from Houghton 1957, p.1); therefore when considering the Victorian age we should remember that values and trends were evolving it was not a static time governed by repression or old fashioned values. From the research carried out for this essay it appears that through the gaining of knowledge, Victorians also realised how little they knew and how much more there was to discover. As Arnold says in The Buried Life: How fair a lot to fill / Is left to each man still. (Arnold 1913, p.168). In this context the term ‘Victorian’ can be dualistically representative: discoveries of the time, although revolutionary, were often rudimentary in nature, and it was humbling for the individual to consider how much further knowledge and discovery had yet to go. On the other hand, the term suffers too from being inadequate: a single word is too smaller term for the vast wealth and diversity of discovery, and it could be argued that the era is better realised if seen as a second revolution. Like the Victorian authors themselves we are left with no suitable words to convey the entirety of an era as John Lawton says in his introduction to The Time Machine (1995, p.xxvi) ‘the term ‘Victorian’ is used too loosely to encompass a sequence of eras, the diverse reign of a woman who lent her name to objects as diverse as a railway terminus and a plum.’ When studying Victorian Literature it is worth bearing in mind the fluidity of the time and the changeability which arose out of living on the cusp between the passing away of old values and the unknown territory of the new. Realism recognised the gaps which were forming in society such as the distancing of the self from religion and offered to paper the cracks through its vision of bringing people together on a mundane level. It’s territory stretched to include the darkest recesses of the mind to the smallest of everyday events, celebrating the grey area between extremes as we now know as ‘Victorian.’ Bibliography Arnold, M., 1913, The Poems of Matthew Arnold, 1840-1867. Oxford: Oxford University Press Appleman, P, 2001, Darwin. London: Norton Beer, G., 2000, Darwin’s Plots. Cambridge: Cambridge University Pr